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Don't Mess With Taxes

Translating taxes into money-saving English

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Tax Glossary A through E

NOTE: The Tax Glossary, which debuted in this form on Dictionary Day 2015, has five sections. If a term you think should be here isn't, or you can add to or clarify a definition that is here, let me know via Twitter or Facebook.

One of the hardest things about filing your taxes is trying to decipher the forms. You practically have to learn a new, tax-specific language.

Dictionary_3_1 Unfortunately, IRS-speak is a native tongue for very few folks.

And it's not easy to decipher. In fact, reading tax documents makes that dang VCR manual (yes, a few of us still use those antiquated devices!) seem almost coherent!

To help out, Don't Mess With Taxes has gathered some common tax terms and phrases and their plain English meanings in this Tax Glossary (and the Tax Glossary's precursor, a mini tax dictionary, if you will, that was a blog post back in 2007). Yes, I've been working on this for a while! 

As you can imagine, the IRS dictionary gives Merriam-Webster a run for its money, so I've broken the Don't Mess With Taxes glossary into several sections for ease of page loading. The first group, tax words starting with A through E, is below.

You can check out the other sections by clicking the links below:

  • F through J
  • K through O 
  • P through T
  • U through Z

And since tax laws are continually changing (thank you, Congress ... Not!), this is an ongoing list. I'll do my best to keep it updated, but if you find a tax word that's got you stumped, e-mail it to me and I'll to make sure it and its definition is added. The same goes for any tax term I've overlooked.

 

Alphabet_a_1

AARRGGHH!!! -- This is the most common nonprofane exclamation used by taxpayers, tax preparers and sometimes even the Internal Revenue Service (and tax pirates) during every tax filing season.

Ability to pay -- A concept of tax fairness that states that people with different amounts of wealth or different amounts of income should pay tax at different rates. Wealth includes assets such as houses, cars, stocks, bonds, and savings accounts. Income includes wages, interest and dividends, and other payments.

Above-the-line deduction -- These deductions are not itemized on Schedule A. Instead, they are adjustments that are subtracted from your total income on Form 1040 or Form 1040A to arrive at your adjusted gross income (see below). Since the adjusted gross income amount is entered on the last line of page 1 of the 1040 or 1040A, any tax breaks used in arriving at this amount -- such as allowable IRA contributions, student loan interest and moving expenses -- also are known as above-the-line deductions. To claim above-the-line deductions, you must file the long Form 1040 or Form 1040A. There are around a dozen or so of these deductions, depending upon what action Congress takes, on the long form 1040; only four are found on the 1040A.

Adjusted gross income (AGI) -- This amount is your total income reduced by certain deductions, more appropriately known as adjustments, that you claim at the bottom of Form 1040 or 1040A. You tabulate your AGI before you take your itemized deduction or standard deduction or claim your personal exemption amount. Your AGI appears on Form 1040 or Form 1040A at the bottom of page 1 of both those forms (and is re-entered as the first number at the top of page 2). On the 1040EZ, your AGI is on line 4.

Adjustments to income -- Certain expenses that are subtracted from gross income to reach your adjusted gross income. Often referred to as above-the-line deductions. They can be claimed regardless of whether you take the standard deduction or itemize deductions on Schedule A.

Allowance -- A specific amount that a taxpayer is allowed to subtract from his/her income to reduce the amount of money that is taxable.

Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) -- This parallel tax primarily affects high-income taxpayers who shelter some of their income from tax through certain tax preference items or deductions. It is often referred to in tax publications as AMT and, if your income meets the limit, you have to recalculate your tax due based on the separate alternative minimum tax rates and tables.

Amended return -- A tax return filed to correct a prior year's tax return. You must correct your original filing if, for example, your bank is late in sending you an earnings statement and you filed your return without reporting the added income. You also can file an amended return if you discover you made a mistake or circumstances change that would allow you to get a refund for a previously filed return. An amended return is filed on Form 1040X.

Amount due -- Money that taxpayers must pay to the government when the total tax is greater than their total tax payments.

Appeal -- An individual or business taxpayer's call for a review of an IRS decision or proposed adjustment.

Audit -- Process by which the tax collecting agency questions and reviews items on your tax return. The Internal Revenue Service calls this an examination.

Authorized e-file provider -- A business authorized by the IRS to participate in the IRS e-file program. The business may be a sole proprietorship, a partnership, a corporation, or an organization. Authorized IRS e-file providers include Electronic Return Originators (EROs), transmitters, intermediate service providers, and software developers. These categories are not mutually exclusive. For example, an ERO can at the same time, be a transmitter, a software developer or an intermediate service provider, depending on the function being performed.

 

Alphabet_B

Backup withhollding -- Deduction of tax that applies to payments to employees or non-employees when the recipient does not provide a Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN). Backup withholding also occurs when the recipient of a reportable prize awarded in a gaming activity does not provide a TIN. The regular withholding rate for gaming prizes is 25 percent. The backup withholding rate is 28 percent.

Basis -- Sometimes is referred to as "cost basis," is a consideration when you sell an asset and must determine if you owe any taxes on any profit. Basis can be adjusted, taking into account, for example, improvements and depreciation when the asset is real estate or transaction fees and previously paid taxes in the case of stocks or mutual funds. Correct basis will enable you to accurately compute how much profit you make, which could determine how much, if any, taxes you might owe.

Bonus -- Compensation received by an employee for services performed. A bonus is given in addition to an employee's usual compensation. Bonus money generally is taxable income.

Brackets -- The ranges of income to which specific tax rates apply.

Burden of proof -- The legal requirement to provide enough evidence to win a lawsuit. In civil cases, such as tax court, the burden is decided by the preponderance -- the most -- evidence. Except in cases of tax fraud, the burden of proof in a tax case generally is on the taxpayer.

Business -- A continuous and regular activity that has income or profit as its primary purpose. If you fail to show a profit for three out of five years, the IRS may presume your business is a hobby and disallow losses from it unless you show evidence to the contrary.

 

Alphabet__c_1Capital asset -- An item you own for investment or personal purposes, such as stocks, bonds or real estate. When you sell a capital asset, depending on the price you get you could have a capital gain or a capital loss (definitions below). 

Capital gain -- If you make a profit on the sale of a capital asset, that is, you sell it for a price that is higher than your purchase price (and some other factors that affect basis), you have a capital gain. Capital gains are usually taxable, but in some cases receive more favorable tax treatment than regular income. Capital gains can be long-term when the asset is held for more than a year before selling; selling sooner is a short-term capital gain. Long-term capital gains are taxed at a lower rate -- 15% or 20% depending on your income -- than the ordinary income tax rates, which apply to short-term capital gains. And some lower-income taxpayers will owe no tax on their capital gains.

Capital gain distribution -- This payout occurs when a mutual fund sells some of its assets and then passes along a portion to you. This distribution that you and other fund owners get is regarded by the IRS as a capital gain. That means you get the more favorable capital gains tax rate when calculating what your owe the IRS.

Capital loss -- If you sell a capital asset at a loss, it could be valuable at tax-filing time. You can use the loss amount to offset corresponding capital gains. If you have no gains, or you have more losses than gains, you can use up to $3,000 in losses each year to reduce your ordinary income. If your loss is more than three grand, first get a new investment adviser; then carry forward the excess loss amount into future tax years. You can carry over the capital loss amount indefinitely until the total loss is used.

Citizen or Resident Test -- Assuming all other dependency tests are met, the citizen or resident test allows taxpayers to claim a dependency exemption for persons who are U.S. citizens for some part of the year or who live in the United States, Canada, or Mexico for some part of the year.

Compensation -- All forms of income from working including salary or wages; deferred compensation; retirement benefits, whether from a qualified or non-qualified employee plan (e.g., pensions or annuities); fringe benefits (e.g., personal vehicle, meals, lodging, personal and family educational benefits, low-interest loans, payment of personal travel, entertainment or other expenses, athletic or country club membership, and personal use of one’s property); and bonuses.

Constructively received income -- Income that is available to you even though you don't actually have it in your possession. A check, for example, was mailed to you and arrived in your mailbox before the end of the tax year. Even though you didn't check your mailbox until the next year, the money was constructively received by you in the previous tax year and therefore reportable as income for that tax year. Similarly, directly deposited funds are constructively received by you even if you don't check your account to see that the money is there.

Credit -- A tax credit reduces the amount of the tax you owe, unlike deductions which reduce your amount of income upon which your tax liability is figured. Because credits are taken after you figure your tax amount, they make a direct dollar-for-dollar difference in your tax bill. There are two types of credits, refundable and nonrefundable, which are discussed elsewhere in this Glossary.

 

Alphabet_d_1

Deduction -- While a tax credit reduces the amount of the tax you owe, deductions reduce the amount of income upon which your tax liability is figured. Deductions are expenses the IRS allows you to subtract from your taxable income. If you have taxable income of $30,000 and deductions of $3,000, then you would figure how much tax you owe on the difference -- $27,000. Most deductions are claimed as itemized expenses on Schedule A as medical costs, mortgage interest, state and local taxes, employee business expenses and charitable contributions. Some, however, are above-the-line deductions, discussed earlier in this Glossary section. you must itemize them to use the deductions.

Dependency exemption -- Amount that taxpayers can claim for a "qualifying child" or "qualifying relative". Each exemption reduces the income subject to tax. The exemption amount is a set amount that changes from year to year. One exemption is allowed for each qualifying child or qualifying relative claimed as a dependent.

Dependent -- a person who relies on someone else for financial support. If you have dependents, you can claim them as exemptions, which will reduce the amount of your income that is taxed. To qualify as a dependent, the person must meet certain tests established by the tax code.

Depreciation -- This is a deduction for the wearing away and expensing over time of such items as office equipment, vehicles, buildings and furniture. For tax purposes, the IRS determines the amount of time such material is expected to last, and then you depreciate, or spread the cost of, the asset over its estimated useful life rather than deducting the entire cost in the year you acquired it.

Direct Deposit -- This options allows the IRS to send taxpayers' tax refunds directly to their bank or other financial accounts. Direct Deposit generally means that refunds are received more quickly. The taxpayer must have an established checking or savings account to qualify for Direct Deposit. A bank or financial institution will supply the required account and routing transit numbers to the taxpayer for Direct Deposit.

Dividend -- A payment from a company's earnings and profits to its shareholders. Dividends are an incentive to own stock, but they are taxable to the recipients. The type of tax that must be paid is based on the type of dividend. Ordinary dividends are taxed at the same rates as ordinary income. Qualified dividends are taxed at the lower capital gains rates. Companies or brokerage firms report dividend income to you on Form 1099-DIV, which will detail which type of dividend you received.

Discharge of indebtedness (DoI) -- All or part of debt might be forgiven or discharged by the debt holder because of such things as a real estate foreclosure, a repossession, a voluntary return of the property to the lender or a loan modification. This amount of forgiven debt is known as discharge of indebtedness income. It is reported on is reported on Form 1099-C and generally must be reported as taxable gross income. There are some exceptions and exclusions, however, particularly in connection with certain real property DoI situations.

 

Alphabet_eEarned income -- Essentially, it's just like it sounds. It's compensation you receive from work, including wages, salaries, tips, commissions, and net earnings from self-employment endeavors. This money is what is taxed at the ordinary income rates that range from 10 percent to 35 percent. See income tax rates/brackets for details.

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) -- This is a credit that low-income workers can receive, either when they file their annual tax return or throughout the year as an advance EITC payment in their paychecks. While larger credits are available to eligible taxpayers who have dependent children, a smaller credit is also available to individuals who have no kids. Also referred to as Earned Income Credit, or EIC.

Effective tax rate -- This is the actual percentage of your income that went toward taxes. Calculate it by dividing your total taxes paid by your total, or gross, income. The effective tax rate is generally much lower than the taxpayer's marginal tax rate. See also Marginal Tax Rate.

Electronic filing (e-file) -- The transmission of tax information directly to the IRS using telephones or computers. Electronic filing options include (1) Online self-prepared using a personal computer and tax preparation software, or (2) using a tax professional. Electronic filing may take place at the taxpayer's home, a volunteer site, the library, a financial institution, the workplace, malls and stores, or a tax professional's place of business.

Electronic preparation -- Use of tax preparation software and computers, by the taxpayer or a paid preparer, to complete tax returns

Electronic Return Originator (ERO) -- The Authorized IRS e-file Provider that originates the electronic submission of an income tax return to the IRS. EROs may originate the electronic submission of income tax returns they either prepared or collected from taxpayers. Some EROs charge a fee for submitting returns electronically.

Employer Identification Number (EIN) -- This is the business equivalent of the Social Security Number. It is a nine-digit number assigned by the IRS (in the 00-0000000 format) to employers, sole proprietors, corporations, partnerships, nonprofit associations, trusts, estates of decedents, government agencies, certain individuals, and other business entities.

Estate tax -- A tax based on the fair market value of property, less any liabilities, at the time of the owner's death. Often referred to, especially by opponents, as the death tax. Tax returns do not have to be filed for estates under a certain value, which is more than $5 million and adjusted annually for inflation.

Estimated tax -- The method used to pay tax on income that is not subject to withholding. This includes income from self-employment, interest, dividends, alimony, rent, gains from the sale of assets, prizes and awards.

Excise tax -- A tax on the sale or use of specific products or transactions.

Exempt (from withholding) -- Income or other earnings that are free from withholding of federal income tax. A person must meet certain income, tax liability, and dependency criteria. This does not exempt a person from other kinds of tax withholding, such as the Social Security tax.

Exemptions -- Amount that taxpayers can claim for themselves, their spouses, and eligible dependents. There are two types of exemptions-personal and dependency. Each exemption reduces the income subject to tax. While each is worth the same amount, different rules apply to each.

Expensing -- Deducting business expenditures, up to a certain amount, instead of depreciating the costs over a number of years. Also known as the Section 179 deduction.

 

Continue alphabetically to more tax terms in
Tax Glossary F through J.

As with any language, terms are added and eliminated over the years, or the course of a Congressional session. Check back regularly for new tax terms.

Weekly Tax Tip

  • Reporting your winnings to the IRS — Uncle Sam apparently is Lady Luck's cousin. Your lottery jackpot, other gambling winnings and prizes, too, are taxable income. Here's how to report them to the Internal Revenue Service on Form 1040's Schedule 1. (Jan. 11, 2021)

  • Tax Tip; click pencil for all tax tip links

  • Check out all the latest post-Tax Day tax advice in the 2020 edition of Weekly Tax Tips. Many of these once-a-week tips will focus on planning moves to cut your 2020 tax bill.
    If, however, you got an extension and are still working on your 2019 return, you can get a refresher of the 2020 Filing Season Tax Tips at their respective monthly pages:
    January, February, March, April, May, June and July.

COVID-19 & Taxes

  • COVID-19
    Coronavirus has wreaked havoc
    on the 2020 tax season.
    This Coronavirus (COVID-19) & Taxes page has details.

All About Kay

  • OK, some about Kay
    Open sign
    Kay Bell — Native Texan (the blog title totally makes sense now, right?). Professional journalist. Tax geek.

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  • Tax Season 2021 is here!
    Happy New Tax Year! Are you ready to file your 2020 tax return? Me neither. With all the delays last year due to COVID-19, it seems like that prior tax season just finished. But time and taxes wait for no taxpayer. The Internal Revenue Service, which started 2021 by delivering more coronavirus economic relief payments, says it will be ready for our returns. So let's get prepared, too. The monthly tips and reminders a little further down this column should help us focus on our taxes and make the filing of them by go more smoothly. Also keep an eye on the countdown clock just below. It will help us keep track of how much time we have until Tax Day on April 15, just in case some of us want to put things off until the final hours. .
    Note: I'm in the Central Time Zone, so adjust accordingly for where you live.


Time for Tax Tasks


  • monthly tax moves

  • Oh, 2021. I cannot tell you how happy we are to see you. You will be better than 2020, right? Right?!?

    via GIPHY

    And just so there's no confusion, that's a question New Year 2021, not a challenge. So don't you dare try to outdo the just-past Year of COVID-19 and its many, many complications, including in the tax world.

    Jan. 1: While there's some good news with vaccines going out to fight the coronavirus pandemic, we'll still be dealing with it for a while. The Internal Revenue Service is delivering the second round of relief payments and the commissioner promises that the agency will start the 2021 filing season as usual later this month. I hope that's correct, but we shall see.

    Jan. 4: If your job made it through the tough last year, good for you and your company and welcome to the New Year's first work week. It's the perfect time to refine your payroll withholding. This is particularly applicable true for federal employees, including members of the military and even IRS personnel, whose withholding was suspended that last few months of 2020. That money must be paid to Uncle Sam, but a new late-year law says the repayment isn't due until the end of 2021. Adjustment withholding now will give you 52 weeks to spread it across, making the per-paycheck bite less painful.

    Jan. 7: The IRS' online withholding assistant or your tax pro can help you with your withholding amount and other tax numbers, but it's also a good idea going into a New Year to have an idea of your tax bracket and income tax rate. The rates tend to hold steady (until Congress starts fiddling!), but the brackets are adjusted annually for inflation. You can check out the 2021 income brackets (and 2020's for comparison) in the first post in the ol' blog's annual inflation series. At the end of that item, you'll find a directly to the other nine inflation items.

    Jan. 11: Continuing coronavirus precautions mean some restaurants are still closed for in-house dining. Other eateries are managing with take-out meals and deliveries. Whether you're able to enjoy table service in or getting food brought to your house, remember to tip your server or delivery person.

    restaurant check tip iStock
    If a tip isn't included in your food delivery charge, click the image above to calculate how much to tip the person who brought it to you.

    As for servers who are still on the job, remember that your tips are taxable income. If you at least $20 in job-related gratuities last December, you need to account for them today by using Form 4070 to report your tips today to your employer.

    Jan. 13: Did some of those tips come from a side hustle? That's just one of the tax matters to think about when you are part of the gig economy. In these freelance or contractor situations, you'll need to pay estimated taxes.

    Jan. 15: The final estimated tax payment for the prior year, 2020 in this case, is due today. The other three payments are for earnings in 2021 that aren't subject to withholding and are due on April 15, June 15 and Sept. 15. And be sure to account for your self-employment tax in figuring your estimated amounts.

    Jan. 18: Many people spend Martin Luther King Jr. Day each year as a day of service.

     MLK Day 2020 logo
    Click image to find out ways
    you can volunteer on MLK Day.

    Taking time on Dr. King's holiday to volunteer at a charity isn't tax deductible, but some costs associated with volunteering could help reduce your tax bill if you itemize. Most filers, however, claim the standard deduction and a new tax law gives them a tax break, too. On your 2020 return, you can claim up to $300 in donations directly on your Form 1040. In 2021, the $300 amount remains, but is doubled for couples who file jointly.

    Jan. 21: If the IRS meets its usual timetable, the annual tax-filing season will start soon. If you can get your tax material together, then there are several good reasons to file your return early.

    Jan. 25: Millions of filers find electronic tax options are great ways to get returns to the IRS as soon as possible. The tax agency agrees. In fact, for almost two decades, the IRS has partnered with the Free File Alliance to offer eligible taxpayers access to online tax software and e-filing through the aptly named Free File site at IRS.gov.

    IRS Free File; click image for details

    Last year, Free File was available to filers with adjusted gross income of $69,000 or less, regardless of filing status. That threshold has been bumped up to $72,000 for this filing season. If you're eligible, be ready to log-on when Free File officially opens, which usually around this time.

    Jan. 29: Of course, regardless of how you file your taxes, you can't do so until you all the necessary documents, such as W-2 and 1099 forms. Employers have until the end of the month (or Feb. 1 this year since Jan. 31 falls on Sunday) to get the to you, so be on the lookout for all the documents you need to file.

    Small Business Tax Calendar: Important filing, deposit and record keeping dates throughout the year that your company needs to know. You can get more tax calendar information at the IRS' online calendar page and view the full year's important business and individual tax dates in IRS Pub. 509.

State Tax Help

  • Don't forget your state taxes!
    Forty-three states and D.C. collect personal income taxes. But even if you live in of the seven states without an income levy, you still face other state (and local) taxes.

    State Tax Departments provides links to your state's Web page. The companion page, Tax Tidbits, is the compilation of blurbs about each state's tax laws. And for more state tax news, check out all our state tax bloggings.

Tax Forms

  • Tax Forms
    Thanks to our increased use of tax preparers and computer software, many of us don't see our tax forms until we sign and file them. But knowing what's on these documents, either in paper or digital form, and why the IRS wants it is key to understanding our tax system. And knowledge definitely is power, especially when it comes to tax savings. Find this valuable information in the ol' blog's special Tax Forms Fiesta! page.

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Mapping Your Tax Route

  • Do you get lost doing your taxes? Check out the Taxpayer Advocate Service's Taxpayer Roadmap.

    Taxpayer Advocate Taxpayer Maps 2019

    This publication, designed along the lines of a subway map, shows the many routes and detours of a taxpayer's journey through our elaborate Internal Revenue Code and the Internal Revenue Service's enforcement of our tax collection system.

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  • You can read more
    of Kay's tax insights in ...


  • Kay Bell helps you build
    a solid tax foundation in
    "Personal Finance: An Encyclopedia
    of Modern Money Management"




    Kay Bell breaks down taxes and
    estate planning for millennials in
    "Future Millionaires' Guidebook"



    A collection of Kay Bell stories
    is included in
    "The Gambler's Guide to Taxes:
    How to Keep More
    of What You Win"




  • Tax Reading Room

    You also might enjoy these other tax tips from some of my tax-writing colleagues:




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I gotta tell ya ...

  • AKA Disclaimer:
    I am a professional journalist who has been covering tax issues since 1999.
    I am not a professional tax preparer.
    The content on Don't Mess With Taxes is my personal opinion based on my study and understanding of tax laws, policies and regulations. It is provided for your private, noncommercial, educational and informational purposes only. It is not a recommendation of any specific tax action(s) you should or should not take. Similarly, mentions of products or services are not endorsements. In other words, my ramblings on the ol' blog are free advice and you know what they say about getting what you pay for. That's why when it comes to filing your taxes, I urge you to get additional, professional, paid-for guidance from an accountant, Enrolled Agent or other qualified tax preparer who is familiar with your individual tax circumstances.

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